The Pearson correlation coefficient for intra- and interobserver reliability was 0.98 (P < 0.001) and 0.97 (P < 0.001), respectively. We conclude that the Brazilian version of the Berg balance Berg Balance Scale in Greek for Various Balance Impair-ments Abstract Rationale, Aim & Objectives The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) although widely used for assessing balance, it has not been officially adapted into Greek. The aim therefore, of this research is to translate and validate the cross cultural adaptation of the Greek BBS (BBS-GR). Method The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) is the most commonly used balance assessment tool across the continuum of stroke rehabilitation. The measurement properties of the BBS have been well assessed, and it has been shown to be a valid and reliable balance assessment tool 9) . Description. The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) by Berg et al. (1989) is a performance-based measure designed to quantitatively assess a person’s balance and fall risk. Originally designed for older community-dwelling adults through direct observation of their performance, the BBS has shown to be valid across multiple patient populations where Figure 1A shows that only 3 parts of the rating scale were more probable to emerge at different ability levels: 0, 3, and 4. Ratings 1 and 2 were never more probable than the ratings 0, 3, and 4. As seen from the key below the figure, ratings 1 and 2 were only used a total of 15% of the time. The scale is widely used for the evaluation of the elderly in their functional mobility. Used before and after periods of treatment, it helps the professional in making decisions regarding treatment. It is indicated for elderly individuals and patients with a history of stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, ataxia, vertigo . Assesses risk of fall and balance impairment in elderly frail patients with static and dynamic tasks. Below the calculator there is more information on the activities in the assessment and how they should be scored. Balance scale items This is a 14-item scale used to assess balance in elderly patients and predict fall risk. The elderly population to which the scale addresses to includes conditions such as stroke, traumatic and acquired brain injury, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, osteoarthritis, Parkinson’s disease or vestibular dysfunction. The balance test created by Berg et al. in 1992, consists of both static and dynamic activities, with varying difficulty and requiring different degrees of mobility. At the beginning of the test, the assessor should explain the tasks to be given and make sure the subject understands that the main aim is to maintain balance throughout the tasks. The equipment required for the evaluation is: ■ Two chairs, one with arm rests, one without arm rests; ■ Footstool; ■ Yardstick; ■ Stopwatch; ■ Available 15 ft (approx. m) walkway. The following table introduces the items in the scale and their accompanying instructions: Berg balance scale item Instruction 1. Sitting to standing The subject must not use hands or other support. 2. Standing unsupported No support is allowed for two minutes. 3. Sitting with back unsupported but feet supported on floor or on a stool The subject must maintain position with arms folded for 2 minutes. 4. Standing to sitting The subject must be in standing position at the beginning. 5. Transfers Chairs are to be arranged for pivot transfer and the subject asked to transfer from one to another, alternatively. 6. Standing unsupported with eyes closed The subject must maintain a still position for 10 seconds. 7. Standing unsupported with feet together The action must be performed without support. 8. Reaching forward with outstretched arm while standing Arm must be lifted at 90 degrees and the subject instructed to stretch fingers and reach forward as much as possible. 9. Pick up object from the floor from a standing position The object to be picked must be placed in front of the subject’s feet. 10. Turning to look behind over left and right shoulders while standing Assessment of the twist turn action. 11. Turn 360 degrees Assessment of a complete full circle turn in one direction, followed by another complete turn in the opposite direction. 12. Place alternate foot on step/stool while standing unsupported The action must be performed until each foot has touched the step/stool 4 times. 13. Standing unsupported one foot in front If this is not possible, the foot can be placed forward ahead of the toes of the other foot. 14. Standing on one leg The subject must maintain their position for as long as possible. The Berg scale has been validated and is being used in practice as a reliable measurement ever since. However, there is discussion of a ceiling and floor effect which may distort the reported results of the Berg scale in community dwelling elderly. When a patient scores high on an initial evaluation, the BBS outcome measure may be compromised for subsequent evaluations even if the status of the patient does not change dramatically. Result interpretation Each of the 14 items in the Berg balance test is assessed on a five point ordinal scale (from 0 to 4 points). The lowest level of function is awarded 0 points whilst the highest level of function is awarded 4 points. The recommendation is to deduct points progressively when the subject is not able to follow the instruction and when performance requires supervision or the subject has to use external assistance. In the original study interpretation, the maximum obtainable score is 56 and there are four ranges of scores. Patients scoring below 45 are at a greater risk of fall than patients scoring 45 or above. The table below introduces the score ranges and their interpretation: Berg score (points) Interpretation 45 - 56 Patient is mostly independent in their movement and carries a low risk of falling. 41 - 44 Patient is mostly independent in their movement but carries a significant risk of falling. 21 - 40 Patient may require assistance performing some of the tasks in the balance test and in general, activities of daily living. There is a 100% fall risk. 0 – 20 The patient is wheelchair bound at the moment or may be in the future and carries a 100% fall risk. The Shumway-Cook prediction of fall probability (with 91% sensitivity and 82% specificity) provides two different cut off points (below which the fall risk is imminent), depending on whether the patient has a history of falls: ■ History of falls and BBS <51; ■ No history of falls and BBS <42. According to the original study, the minimal detectable change for 95% accuracy in change differs at different cut offs. When the initial score was between 45 and 56 the MDC is at 4 points. For an initial score between 25 and 34, the MDC is 7 points. For an initial score between 35 and 44 or between 0 and 25, the minimal detectable change is 5 points. Original source Berg KO, Maki BE, Williams JI, Holliday PJ, Wood-Dauphinee SL. Clinical and laboratory measures of postural balance in an elderly population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992; 73(11):1073-80. Other references 1. Berg KO, Wood-Dauphinee SL, Williams JI, Maki B. Measuring balance in the elderly: validation of an instrument. Can J Public Health. 1992; 83 Suppl 2:S7-11. 2. Shumway-Cook A, Baldwin M, Polissar NL, Gruber W. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults. Phys Ther. 1997; 77(8):812-9. 96 The BBS is a qualitative measure that assesses balance via performing functional activities such as reaching, bending, transferring, and standing that incorporates most components of postural control: sitting and transferring safely between chairs;From: Geriatric Physical Therapy (Third Edition), 2012Balance and fallsAlia A. Alghwiri PT, MS,, Susan L. Whitney PT, DPT, PhD, NCS, ATC, FAPTA, in Geriatric Physical Therapy (Third Edition), 2012Berg balance Berg Balance Scale (BBS) was developed by Katherine Berg in 1989 to measure balance ability (static and dynamic) among older The BBS is a qualitative measure that assesses balance via performing functional activities such as reaching, bending, transferring, and standing that incorporates most components of postural control: sitting and transferring safely between chairs; standing with feet apart, feet together, in single-leg stance, and feet in the tandem Romberg position with eyes open or closed; reaching and stooping down to pick something off the floor. Each item is scored along a 5-point scale, ranging from 0 to 4, each grade with well-established criteria. Zero indicates the lowest level of function and 4 the highest level of function. The total score ranges from 0 to 56. The BBS is reliable (both inter- and intratester) and has concurrent and construct a cutoff score of greater than 45 has been traditionally identified as a useful cutoff to predict falls in those who scored below the cutoff score,97 recent work by Muir and Berg99 suggests an alternative scoring system as well as suggesting that the BBS is more effective in identifying those who will fall more than once than those who have fallen one time only. They suggest a cutoff score of 40 to predict those who will experience multiple falls (positive likelihood ratio of with 95% confidence interval [CI] of to and injurious falls (positive likelihood ratio of with 95% CI of to In the Shumway-Cook et al model for using the BBS to predict the likelihood of falling, a score of 36 or less indicated a nearly 100% chance of falling in the next 6 months in older The BBS is less useful in confirming someone is at low risk of falling. Even subjects who achieve a very high score (53 or 54 of 56) only have a moderate assurance that they are not at risk for a fall in the next few months. The BBS is particularly helpful in determining sitting and standing balance. No measures of gait are directly recorded within the full chapterURL: disabilityLuigi Ferrucci ... Jack M. Guralnik in Practice of Geriatrics (Fourth Edition), 2007Berg Balance Scale (BBS)51The BBS, a commonly used measure of postural control and stability, evaluates performance in 14 tasks, such as standing with feet together, reaching forward, picking up an object from the floor, and turning to look over each shoulder. An individual's stability is rated, using timed or other clearly defined criteria, on a scale from 0 (unable/unsafe) to 4 (completely independent/efficient/safe). The overall BBS score, attained by summing the ratings of the 14 individual test items, can range from 0 to 56 points. There is evidence of the BBS's responsiveness following rehabilitation intervention for frail elders as well as individuals with neuromuscular full chapterURL: Stephens, in Complementary Therapies for Physical Therapy, 2008ExamineThe BBS and the timed unilateral stance test are selected as outcome measures for balance and postural control because they are widely used, easy to use, and highly correlated with For Jane, it also is useful to have measures of endurance and mobility to compare pre-intervention and post-intervention performance. For this, gait speed and time/distance before fatigue are used (Table 20-1).In retrospect, several other measures may have been useful to get some more general information about other dimensions of performance. One of the instruments now widely used and approved by the National MS Society is the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Inventory (MSQLI).44 This instrument is a compilation of 10 independently developed and validated measures, which assess fatigue, pain, cognition, and social support, among other areas. Some of these dimensions of life activity also have been suggested to improve as a result of ATM full chapterURL: TestsPaul Ricard, in Acute Care Handbook for Physical Therapists (Fourth Edition), 2014Interpretation of ResultsHigher scores on the BBS indicate greater independence and better ability to In contrast, lower scores indicate a greater fall risk. Prior evidence suggested that a total score of less than 45 predicted that the patient is at risk for However, more recent literature by Katherine Berg discourages the use the score as a dichotomous scale ( determining fall risk based on values being greater than or less than 45 points).10 Rather, the score should be used to represent a continuum of balance, through the use of likelihood Clinical TipIn patients who are over 65 years of age and are dependent in at least one personal activity of daily living, a change of 8 points on the BBS is necessary to demonstrate a genuine change in full chapterURL: of physiotherapy assessment and outcome measuresP Kersten, in Physical Management in Neurological Rehabilitation (Second Edition), 2004BalanceBalance disorders are discussed in Chapter 24. Well-validated measures of balance are the Berg Balance Scale (Berg et al., 1992) and the Functional Reach Test (Duncan et al., 1990). The Berg Balance Scale evaluates the patient's performance on 14 tasks which are common in daily activities. These tasks address the patient's ability to maintain positions of increasing difficulty. The full range of tasks is displayed in Box This test takes about 15 min to complete and is a sensitive measure as it is able to discriminate between patients with various mobility aids (Berg et al., 1992).The Functional Reach Test is shorter to complete, but less comprehensive than the Berg Balance Scale. The therapist will need to mark out a long ruler on a wall at the patient's shoulder height. When the patient stands comfortably, he or she should be asked to lift one arm up at 90° and make a fist (start position). Then the patient is asked to reach forwards as far as possible (finishing position). Functional reach is defined by the distance between the start and finishing position (Duncan et al., 1990).Read full chapterURL: Whitney, ... A. Alghadir, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2016The Berg Balance ScaleA commonly utilized examination tool for static and dynamic balance (sitting and standing) is the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (Berg, 1989; Berg et al., 1992). The BBS is a quantitative measure of balance during functional activities. Subjects are asked to reach, bend, transfer from one chair to another, stand with their feet apart, stand with their feet together, stand with their feet in tandem position with eyes open and with eyes closed, reach down, and stoop down to pick something up from the floor (Berg, 1989). Each item receives a grade on a 0–4 scale, where 0 indicates the subject is unable to complete the task and 4 is the highest grade obtainable, where each grade is given specific criteria to meet. The BBS has been shown to be reliable and have construct validity (Wang et al., 2006; Conradsson et al., 2007).When reporting results of the BBS, several different cutoff scores have been suggested. When the test was originally designed, a score of > 45 was considered to be predictive of future falls (Thorbahn and Newton, 1996). However, Muir et al. (2008), in their evaluation of the BBS, felt that the test was a better predictor of multiple fallers. They reported a score of 40 would predict multiple falls as well as falls that were more likely to cause harm to the patient. Prior to Muir's study, Shumway-Cook et al. (1997) reported that, in their study, a score of 36 or less was 100% predictive of a fall within the next 6 months in the geriatric population. The BBS has demonstrated concurrent validity when compared to the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) in persons with vestibular disorders (Whitney et al., 2003).Read full chapterURL: studies in neurological physiotherapyMandy Dunbar, in Clinical Case Studies in Physiotherapy, problem list would you establish for this patient? goals may be appropriate? patient scored 38 on the Berg Balance scale – why might this outcome measure have been selected to complete as part of her assessment? other outcome measures may have been used in your assessment of this lady? treatment options may be available to you in order to address the goals identified? there any other services which you may access to continue treatment for this patient?Read full chapterURL: to prepare for placementLauren Guthrie, in Clinical Case Studies in Physiotherapy, 2009▪Neurological assessment, assessing tone, joint range of movement, sensation, muscle power, posture, functional abilities (sit-to-stand, gait, etc.), balance.▪Awareness of outcome measures: Tinetti, Berg balance scale, motor assessment scale, elderly mobility scale.▪Depending on the type of neurological placement, know about the most likely neurological conditions you will encounter including pathology, signs and symptoms, overview of medical management. For example, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, motor neurone disease, Guillain–Barré syndrome.▪The types of treatment physiotherapists may use with the types of conditions you will come across in your placement. For example, balance re-education, gait re-education, exercise prescription.▪Find out the approach adopted by the physiotherapists at that particular site. For example, Bobath, motor re-learning, full chapterURL: RehabilitationAdolfo M. Bronstein, Marousa Pavlou, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2013AbstractThis chapter addresses the important and undertreated problem of balance disorders. The chapter has a simplified summary of the physiology of balance problems in order to set the issue of assessment is next addressed with discussion of important tests including the Berg Balance Scale and the Get Up and Go Test, and others. Posturography is discussed as well as assessment of the gravitional vertical. The assessment of vestibular function is of key importance and discussed in some detail. The focus of the chapter is on balance rehabilitation. Re-training of postural alignment and of sensory strategies are key but adaptation of the environment and re-training of cognitive strategies are also helpful in individual cases. Vestibular exercises can also be used. The chapter then critically analyses the efficacy of these treatments in specific balance disorders such as in stroke, Parkinson disease, polyneuropathies, multiple sclerosis, and vestibular there is a growing body of evidence that balance rehabilitation improves symptoms, function, and quality of life for those troubled by these disabling full chapterURL: therapyBeth E. Kauffman, Benjamin W. Kauffman, in A Comprehensive Guide to Geriatric Rehabilitation (Third Edition), 2014BalanceThe following research supports the use for aquatics to improve balance, which will decrease fall risk in different populations. After 6 weeks of water exercise, subjects with a primary diagnosis of early to mid-stage Parkinson disease, demonstrated a significant improvement on the Berg Balance Scale and Step test (Jacobs et al., 2012). Some of this improvement may be attributed to increased tactile sensation from the water that improved body awareness and position sense. (Jacobs et al., 2012; Sato et al., 2012) After 5–6 weeks of water exercise by individuals in the eighth and ninth decades of life, significant improvements have been shown on balance measurements on the Berg Balance Scale (Douris et al., 2003). A combination of aquatic exercise and patient education produced significant findings in fall prevention in persons with hip osteoarthritis. Statistical analysis included the Berg Balance Scale, 6 minute walk test, 30 second chair stand, ABC questionnaire and the Timed Up and Go (Arnold & Faulkner, 2010).Read full chapterURL: weighing scale A tool to measure the weight of something. tłumaczenia weighing scale Dodaj Waga proper noun en instrument used in measuring the weight or mass of an object Thirdly, according to the applicant, the Commission was aware of the existence of Chinese manufacturers which produced weighing scales other than electronic weighing scales. Po trzecie, zdaniem skarżącej Komisja wiedziała o istnieniu chińskich producentów wag innych niż elektroniczne. waga noun en A tool to measure the weight of something. Thirdly, according to the applicant, the Commission was aware of the existence of Chinese manufacturers which produced weighing scales other than electronic weighing scales. Po trzecie, zdaniem skarżącej Komisja wiedziała o istnieniu chińskich producentów wag innych niż elektroniczne. Parts and accessories for weighing scales Części i akcesoria do wag tmClass - a thermometer to measure surface and also core temperature, weighing scales, and for fresh products, a pH meter; - termometr do pomiaru temperatury wewnętrznej i powierzchniowej, wagę oraz przyrząd do pomiaru pH dla świeżych produktów, EurLex-2 As she wrapped herself in one, she glanced down at the electronic weighing scales at her feet. Kiedy owijała się jednym z nich, jej oczy spoczęły na elektronicznej wadze leżącej u jej stóp. Literature Electromechanical and electronic weighing scales Wagi elektromechaniczne i elektroniczne tmClass Body weighing scales,In particular body-analysis and body-fat scales Wagi,W szczególności wagi do analizy masy ciała i wagi do pomiaru tkanki tłuszczowej tmClass Shanghai Excell and Shanghai Adeptech began to export electronic weighing scales to the Community in June 2003. Shanghai Excell i Shanghai Adeptech zaczęły eksportować wagi elektroniczne do Wspólnoty w czerwcu 2003 r. EurLex-2 Otherwise you would've made her sit on that weighing-scale... just like Urmila! Inaczej, sprawiłbyś, że siedziałaby na wadze jak Urmila! Canister weighing scale Waga do ważenia pochłaniacza Eurlex2019 Weights for use with weighing scales tmClass tmClass Sister-in-law is sitting on the weighing-scale. Szwagierka siedzi na wadze. Axle sensors for weighing scales Sensory osiowe do wag pomiarowych tmClass There was a fat woman looking indignantly at the picture of a weighing-scale painted on the wall. Jakaś gruba kobieta z oburzeniem spoglądała na obrazek wagi łazienkowej, namalowany na ścianie. Literature Weighing scales, computer hardware for labelling for use in connection with weighing scales Urządzenia do wyważania, Sprzęt komputerowy do etykietowania do użytku w związku z wagami tmClass Food weighing scales and body weighing scales, pressure gauges for vehicle tyres Wagi spożywcze i do ważenia osób, ciśnieniomierze do opon tmClass Electronic measuring instruments, weighing devices including weigh scales Elektroniczne przyrządy pomiarowe, przyrządy wagowe, w tym waga tmClass These unfinished products were further processed by the importer and transformed into electronic weighing scales. Produkty niedokończone były w dalszym etapie przetwarzane przez importera, aż do wytworzenia produktu gotowego - wag elektronicznych. EurLex-2 Baby scales and Personal weighing scales Wagi dla niemowląt i Wagi do użytku osobistego tmClass These unfinished products were further processed by the importer and transformed into electronic weighing scales. Produkty niedokończone były w dalszym etapie wykorzystywane przez importera do wytworzenia produktu gotowego – wag elektronicznych. EurLex-2 Cradles, Personal weighing scales Kolebki, Wagi do użytku osobistego tmClass Personal weighing scales, electronic kitchen scale Wagi do użytku osobistego, Elektroniczna waga kuchenna tmClass She had somewhere obtained a weighing scale to accurately measure the gold that she and Toby took in. Zdobyła skądś wagę, żeby dokładnie ważyć złoto, które ona i Toby przyjmowali. Literature Electric apparatus and instruments (included in class 9),Namely electric kitchen scales, Personal weighing scales Elektryczna aparatura i przyrządy (zaklasyfikowane w klasie 09),Mianowicie elektryczne wagi kuchenne, Wagi do użytku osobistego tmClass Fine weighing scales were used to monitor the authenticity and value of coins. Dokładne wagi jubilerskie były używane do sprawdzania autentyczności monet i wartości pieniądza. WikiMatrix tmClass Najpopularniejsze zapytania: 1K, ~2K, ~3K, ~4K, ~5K, ~5-10K, ~10-20K, ~20-50K, ~50-100K, ~100k-200K, ~200-500K, ~1M Force platform [...] feedback did not improve clinical measures of balance when moving or walking (Berg Balance Scale and Timed Up and Go). La retroalimentación de la plataforma de fuerza [...] no mejoró las medidas [...] clínicas de equilibrio al realizar movimientos o caminar (Berg Balance Scale [escala de equilibrio de Berg] y prueba [...]de levantarse y avanzar). In this context we share the view of the [...] rapporteur, Mr van den Berg, on the importance and scale of the problem. En este contexto, compartimos la opinión del [...] ponente, el señor Van den Berg, sobre la importancia y la magnitud del [...]problema. The balance has an optical read-out scale, and gives a [...]direct reading for the moisture content. La balanza posee un indicador óptico y proporciona una [...]lectura directa del grado de humedad. (FR) Mr President, ladies and gentlemen, this is a good time to reply [...] immediately to Mr van den Berg. (FR) Señor Presidente, Señorías, ésta es una buena ocasión para responder [...] inmediatamente al Sr. van den Berg. I could give Mr van den Berg no better compliment. Creo que no podría hacer un [...] cumplido mejor al señor Van den Berg. Mr ¦pidla, I ask you, please [...] keep the sense of scale and balance we are used to [...]seeing from you. Le pido por favor, señor [...] ¦pidla, que mantenga el equilibrio al que nos tiene acostumbrados. The question is [...] whether it would work and how can it create a balance in a penalty scale in one country when the penalty scale in [...]another country would, [...]in fact, end up completely wrong. La pregunta es si funcionaría y [...] cómo puede crear un equilibrio en una escala de delitos en un país cuando, de hecho, la escala de delitos de [...]otro país terminaría siendo totalmente errónea. Berg presented a paper that [...]examines how countries manage aid surges, in particular whether they use the aid to finance [...]increase spending and whether they use it to increase imports. Berg presentó un documento [...](en inglés) en que se examina cómo los países administran los incrementos de la asistencia y, [...]en particular, si la usan para financiar un aumento del gasto o de las importaciones. Based on these submissions, the financial adviser of the [...] government, the Copenhagen [...] office of Alfred Berg Corporate Finance (hereinafter referred to as 'Alfred Berg'), concluded [...]as follows En función de esos datos, el asesor financiero del Gobierno, a [...] saber, la oficina de [...] Copenhague de Alfred Berg Corporate Finance (en lo sucesivo, «Alfred Berg»), determinó lo siguiente Berg suspects that once awareness [...]of the value of MRI is raised and more women know it increases cancer detection, there [...]will be a greater interest in getting the test. Berg sospecha que una vez [...]se aumente la concienciación sobre el valor de la IRM y más mujeres sepan que aumenta la detección [...]del cáncer de mama, habrá un mayor interés por hacerse la prueba. The Committee believes that [...] there should be balance in the scale on which flexicurity [...]is applied. El Comité considera que deben [...] equilibrarse las dimensiones de la flexiguridad. Take care that no dirt or moisture can [...] get into the balance with the scale-pan carrier removed. Procurar que no pueda penetrar suciedad ni humedad [...] en el interior de la balanza mientras está desmontado [...]el soporte del plato. Combining utilities may enlarge the scope for [...] economies of scale, but also ensures larger balance sheets. La combinación de empresas de servicios puede ampliar [...] el alcance de economías de escala, pero también puede garantizar [...]ganancias mayores. You can tare the balance/scale within the entire weighing range. La tara puede realizarse dentro del rango completo de pesada de la balanza. Alfred Berg recommended continuing [...]the sales process with this buyer in parallel with the development of the restructuring option. Alfred Berg recomendó mantener el [...]proceso de venta con ese comprador en paralelo con el desarrollo de la opción de reestructuración. An interview with Andy Berg on the macroeconomics [...]of managing increased aid inflows Entrevista con Andy Berg sobre los aspectos [...]macroeconómicos de la gestión de las mayores afluencias de ayuda In attendance was Jon Bouchard, [...] Milt Barker and Dick Berg plus other members [...]of the Stahl USA technical team. In addition [...]there were representatives from Mexico, Canada and Europe who were very pleased to explain the collection. Jon Bouchard, [...] Milt Barker y Dick Berg, además de otros miembros [...]del equipo técnico de Stahl USA, estuvieron presentes durante [...]toda la colección, quienes junto a otros representantes de México, Canadá y Europa estuvieron encantados de explicar en qué consistía la colección. In this Comment article Astri Suhrke, Arne [...] Strand and Kristian Berg Harpviken explore [...]what options remain available to the embattled international mission. En este Comentario, Astri Suhrke, Arne [...] Strand y Kristian Berg Harpviken examinan [...]qué opciones le quedan a una misión internacional en guerra. More recently, the Viennese school grouped such artists as [...] Schönberg, Webern and Berg. Más recientemente, la escuela vienesa reúne a artistas tales como [...] Schönberg, Webern o Berg. You can connect a [...] computer to your balance/scale to send commands via the balance/scale interface port to control balance/scale functions and [...]applications. El ordenador conectado a través de la interfaz de datos puede [...] emitir comandos de control a la balanza, para controlar funciones de balanza y funciones de los programas de aplicación. If no error is determined in calibration, or the error is [...] within the tolerance limits dictated by the degree of accuracy you require, it is not necessary [...] to adjust the balance/ scale. Si al calibrar no se detecta desviación representativa que afecte la precisión exigida de medición, no es [...] necesario ajustar la balanza. You can use an on-line computer to change, start and/or monitor [...] the functions of the balance/scale and the application [...]programs. Con un ordenador pueden modificarse, iniciarse y supervisarse [...] funciones de la balanza y funciones de los programas [...] de aplicación. The balance/scale requires certain parameters [...]to calculate weighing data. La balanza requiere de predefinición [...]de parámetros para el cálculo de datos de pesada. Always level the balance/scale again any time [...]after it has been moved to a different location. Nivelar la balanza cada vez que se cambie [...]de lugar de instalación. BERG alleged that the Authority [...]failed to conduct an objective analysis of each of the arguments presented by the parties [...]based on the administrative record. BERG alegó que la Autoridad [...]se abstuvo de realizar un análisis objetivo de cada uno de los argumentos presentados por las [...]partes basadas en el expediente administrativo. The Council condemned all violence and terrorist [...] attacks, including the kidnappings and brutal murder of hostages, in particular the savage [...] execution of Mr Nicholas Berg. El Consejo ha condenado toda forma de violencia y ataques [...] terroristas, incluidos los secuestros y los brutales asesinatos de rehenes, en particular la salvaje [...] ejecución de D. Nicholas Berg. Peter Auer, Janine Berg and Ibrahim Coulibaly [...]seek to further the debate by analysing the relationship between employment [...]tenure and productivity in six major sectors in 13 European countries. Peter Auer, Janine Berg e Ibrahim Coulibaly [...]esclarecen este asunto polémico haciendo una estimación de la influencia de [...]la antigüedad en la productividad del trabajo en seis sectores económicos de trece países. In this pamphlet are contributions [...] from Max van den Berg (Socialist Group [...]Coordinator of the European Parliament Committee [...]on Development), Yash Tandon (Executive Director of the South Centre) and Faizel Ismail (South Africa's Ambassador to the WTO) which will help launch our reflections on the relationship between sovereignty and trade policy. En el presente folleto, las [...] contribuciones de Max Van den Berg (Coordinador del [...]Grupo Socialista en la Comisión de Desarrollo [...]del Parlamento Europeo), Yash Tandon (Director Ejecutivo de South Centre) y Faizel Ismail (Embajador de Sudáfrica ante la OMC) permiten lanzar el debate sobre las relaciones entre soberanía y política comercial. To ensure adequate protection for safe shipment, your balance/scale has been packaged to the extent necessary using environmentally friendly materials. El embalaje de los productos Sartorius consta exclusivamente de materiales no nocivos para el medio ambiente, que pueden ser depositados en los contenedores para las materias primas secundarias a reciclar. Afterwards, if you keep the balance/ scale connected to AC power, the continuous positive difference in temperature between the inside of the balance/scale and the outside will practically rule out the effects of [...]moisture condensation. Luego, si [...] se mantiene el aparato conectado a la red se descarta prácticamente, casi por completo, la influencia de la humedad debido a la diferencia de temperatura positiva continua en el interior del aparato y el entorno. Review . 2018 Dec;104(4):383-394. doi: Epub 2018 Feb 15. Affiliations PMID: 29945726 DOI: Review The Berg Balance Scale as a clinical screening tool to predict fall risk in older adults: a systematic review C A Lima et al. Physiotherapy. 2018 Dec. Abstract Background: The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) is often used in clinical practice to predict falls in the older adults. However, there is no consensus in research regarding its ability to predict falls. Objective: To verify whether the BBS can predict falls risk in older adults. Data source: Manual and electronic searches (Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Ageline, Lilacs, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and PEDro) were conducted using blocks of words (older adults, falls, BBS, study design) and their synonyms, with no language restrictions and published since 1989. Study selection criteria: Prognostic studies or clinical trials were used to assess the BBS and falls history. Data extraction and data synthesis: In this narrative synthesis, two independent assessors extracted data from articles and a third reviewer provided consensus, in case of disagreement. The methodological quality was assessed using the Quality In Prognosis Studies tool. Results: 1047 studies were found and 8 studies were included in this review. The mean BBS score was high, regardless of the history of falls. Three studies presented cut-off scores for BBS, ranging from 45 to 51 points. Two studies reported a difference in the BBS score between fallers and non-fallers. Studies presented low to moderate risk of bias. Limitations: Unfeasible to conduct a meta-analysis due the heterogeneity of included studies. Conclusion: The evidence to support the use of BBS to predict falls is insufficient, and should not be used alone to determine the risk of falling in older adults. Systematic review registration number: PROSPERO CRD42016032309. Keywords: assessment; balance; falls; older adults; prediction. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Similar articles Usefulness, assessment and normative data of the Functional Reach Test in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rosa MV, Perracini MR, Ricci NA. Rosa MV, et al. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2019 Mar-Apr;81:149-170. doi: Epub 2018 Dec 7. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2019. PMID: 30593986 Determining Risk of Falls in Community Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Using Posttest Probability. Lusardi MM, Fritz S, Middleton A, Allison L, Wingood M, Phillips E, Criss M, Verma S, Osborne J, Chui KK. Lusardi MM, et al. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2017 Jan/Mar;40(1):1-36. doi: J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2017. PMID: 27537070 Free PMC article. Review. The Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest) Demonstrates Higher Accuracy in Identifying Older Adult Participants With History of Falls Than Do the BESTest, Berg Balance Scale, or Timed Up and Go Test. Yingyongyudha A, Saengsirisuwan V, Panichaporn W, Boonsinsukh R. Yingyongyudha A, et al. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2016 Apr-Jun;39(2):64-70. doi: J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2016. PMID: 25794308 Participation restriction, not fear of falling, predicts actual balance and mobility abilities in rural community-dwelling older adults. Allison LK, Painter JA, Emory A, Whitehurst P, Raby A. Allison LK, et al. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013 Jan-Mar;36(1):13-23. doi: J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013. PMID: 22790588 [Comparison of the performance-oriented mobility assessment and the Berg balance scale. Assessment tools in geriatrics and geriatric rehabilitation]. Schülein S. Schülein S. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2014 Feb;47(2):153-64. doi: Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2014. PMID: 23619708 Review. German. Cited by Assessing the risk for falls among Portuguese community-dwelling stroke survivors. Are we using the better tools? Observational study. Pimenta C, Correia A, Alves M, Virella D. Pimenta C, et al. Porto Biomed J. 2022 Jun 17;7(3):e160. doi: eCollection 2022 May-Jun. Porto Biomed J. 2022. PMID: 35801217 Free PMC article. Association between Fear of Falling and Seven Performance-Based Physical Function Measures in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Huang WW, Mao HF, Lee HM, Chi WC. Huang WW, et al. Healthcare (Basel). 2022 Jun 19;10(6):1139. doi: Healthcare (Basel). 2022. PMID: 35742190 Free PMC article. 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